What is a dependent sample?

A dependent sample refers to a group of subjects that are linked in some manner, which could include characteristics such as being matched pairs or the same subjects being measured under different conditions. This setup is crucial in certain research designs, particularly in experiments or studies that involve repeated measurements, such as pre-test and post-test scenarios.

When researchers work with dependent samples, they can control for individual variances by comparing outcomes within the same groups or subjects. This allows for a clearer understanding of the effect of a variable being tested, as it minimizes extraneous influences that could arise from comparing subjects who are not matched or related. For instance, if a study is looking at the effect of a particular intervention on test scores, using the same group of students before and after the intervention provides a direct comparison that illustrates the impact of the intervention more effectively.

In contrast, other options describe different types of sampling or measurement processes that do not focus on the relationship or matching of subjects, making them unsuitable references for the concept of a dependent sample.